Khazanah: Jurnal Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam

MARITIME HISTORY: MAMLUK AND ITALIAN INTERACTIONS IN THE PORT CITY OF ALEXANDRIA FROM 1250 TO 1517

2025-12-10T08:03:03+07:00

This study investigates the strategic role of Alexandria as a major port city during the Mamluk Sultanate from 1250 to 1517 and the dynamics of its interactions with the Italian maritime republics. Alexandria served as a crucial node in premodern global trade networks. The study also examines the condition of the port and its influence on urban development, maritime security, and state fiscal policy. Drawing on primary sources such as the chronicles of al Maqrizi and Ibn Taghribirdi, as well as secondary studies, the research shows that relations between the Mamluks and the Italian states were shaped by deep economic interdependence. The Mamluks relied on European precious metals and manufactured products, while the Italian states depended on spices, sugar, cotton, and other Eastern commodities that flowed through Alexandria. These interactions unfolded in a tense geopolitical environment marked by the legacy of the Crusades, competition among Italian states, church embargoes, and persistent piracy. The study argues that Alexandria functioned not only as an economic hub but also as a stage for coercive diplomacy, where the Mamluks used foreign merchant communities as instruments of negotiation to compensate for their limited naval power. Yet the reliance on trade monopolies, transit taxation, and the failure to adapt to global changes, especially the rise of Portuguese sea routes and Ottoman expansion, weakened this system and contributed to its fragility in the decades before the fall of the Mamluk Sultanate in 1517

THE INFLUENCE OF ANNICK COJEAN’S THOUGHTS IN THE BOOK GADDAFI’S HAREM ON FORMER LIBYAN PRESIDENT MUAMMAR GADDAFI

2025-10-06T15:34:00+07:00

This study examines Annick Cojean’s perspectives in her work Gaddafi’s Harem regarding the figure of Muammar Gaddafi in Libya. The research employs historical methods as its primary approach. The findings indicate that Cojean portrays Gaddafi through orientalist and feminist perspectives, while also highlighting the biases of Western media, which are perceived as hypocritical. As an orientalist, Cojean is considered to have certain aims and agendas behind her work, namely, constructing a negative image of the Islamic world. She is perceived as a 'puppet' of greater powers, with 'puppet masters' who hold broader agendas toward the Middle East in order to impose a World Order, thereby subjugating the Islamic world. The book Gaddafi’s Harem is divided into two main parts. The first part emphasizes the story of Soraya, the central character who, according to Cojean’s narrative, experienced sexual abuse by Gaddafi. The second part focuses on the role of Gaddafi’s supporters and close circle in maintaining his hegemony for 42 years.

Keywords: annick cojean, gaddafi harem, libya, thought

MODERNIZATION EFFORTS OF THE OTTOMAN CALIPHATE DURING THE REIGN OF SULTAN ABDUL HAMID II

2025-10-06T15:38:17+07:00

This study examines the leadership of Sultan Abdul Hamid II in modernizing the Ottoman Caliphate during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Amidst Western colonial pressures, internal fragmentation, and rising ethnic nationalism, he implemented modernization policies in education, infrastructure, and communication, while reinforcing religious symbolism through Pan-Islamism. The research adopts a qualitative approach using historical-critical and hermeneutic methods, utilizing primary sources such as official documents and speeches, alongside secondary sources like academic literature and archival materials. Early scholarship generally portrayed Abdul Hamid II as authoritarian, but more recent studies recognize his strategic role in developing modern education systems, financial institutions, and communication networks in response to global challenges. Findings indicate that despite his autocratic style, he initiated modernization projects such as the founding of technical and women’s schools, construction of railways—including the Hijaz Railway—and reforms in legal and military sectors. He also rejected Western diplomatic pressure on the Palestine issue and extended influence to non-Ottoman Muslim communities through religious diplomacy. However, his authoritarianism sparked opposition, particularly the Young Turk movement, which ultimately deposed him. This study concludes that Abdul Hamid II’s rule reflects an adaptive leadership model that combined authoritarianism, modernization, and religious legitimacy. It contributes to Islamic historiography and modern political studies by showing how religious symbolism and development were used as tools of diplomacy and social control. Limitations include a lack of microhistorical focus and insufficient exploration of Muslim perspectives beyond the imperial center, pointing to the need for further localized research.

PERAN RADEN KH. MOCHAMMAD SA’ID DALAM PERJUANGAN MELAWAN KOLONIAL DI KABUPATEN JEMBER TAHUN 1940-1949

2025-10-06T15:46:23+07:00

The Role of Raden Kiai Mochammad Sa’id in His Struggle Against Colonial Powers in Jember Regency During the Period 1940–1949. The period of 1940–1949 was a critical and turbulent era in Indonesian history, marked by the Japanese occupation and the Dutch military aggression. This research focuses on two main questions: (1) What is the biography of Raden KH. Mochammad Sa’id? (2) What challenges did Raden KH. Mochammad Sa’id face during his struggle against colonial powers in Jember Regency between 1940 and 1949?. Based on these research questions, the objectives of this study are to explore the life history and family background of Kiai Sa’id, who came from a lineage of Indonesian patriots, and to identify the strategies he employed in resisting both Japanese and Dutch colonial rule. This study uses a qualitative approach with a historical method, including literature review, archival document analysis, and interviews with community leaders and descendants of Kiai Sa’id. The title “Raden” attached to his name is an honorary designation traditionally given to members of the aristocracy, as Kiai Sa’id is believed to be a descendant of the Sultanate of Demak. Raden Kiai Haji Mochammad Sa’id was not only renowned as a charismatic religious leader but also as a driving force behind both physical and non-physical resistance against colonial rule. Together with other ulama in Jember, he successfully mobilized students and the wider community to unite against colonial oppression through religious outreach and active participation in armed struggle. This research also highlights the strategies he adopted, the challenges he faced, and the significant impact of his leadership in defending Indonesia’s independence at the local level. The contribution of this study is expected to enrich the historical record of Indonesia’s independence struggle, particularly in the Jember region, and to provide deeper insight into the role of religious leaders in resisting colonialism.

KOMPARASI PERANG UHUD DAN MUT'AH DALAM NASKAH PENDIDIKAN ISLAM KARYA NASRUDIN TAHA

2025-10-06T15:51:32+07:00

The present study aims to compare the Battle of Uhud and the Battle of Mu’ta as described in Nasrudin Taha’s work on Islamic Education. The problem examined in this study concerns the importance of understanding the differences in characteristics, strategies, as well as the moral and spiritual lessons of these two historical events within the context of teaching Islamic history. A comparative study is needed because both battles reflect different situations and dynamics, yet each contains important educational values for shaping the character of Muslim learners. The purpose of this research is to identify the similarities and differences between the Battle of Uhud and the Battle of Mu’ta, and to explore the relevance of their historical values in Islamic education. This study employs library research with a qualitative–descriptive approach, in which data are analyzed from Nasrudin Taha’s text along with other supporting sources. The findings show that the Battle of Uhud emphasizes lessons on obedience and the consequences of internal strategic negligence, whereas the Battle of Mu’ta highlights steadfastness and courage in facing an enemy of significantly greater strength. Both battles contribute meaningfully to the development of leadership, faith, and discipline within Islamic education.

TOPONIMI DI WILAYAH PASAMAN DAN TANAH DATAR SUMATERA BARAT BERDASARKAN NASKAH TAMBO TUANKU IMAM BONJOL ABAD 19 MASEHI

2025-10-06T16:07:30+07:00

This study aims to examine the toponyms located in Pasaman and Tanah Datar Regencies based on the Tambo Tuanku Imam Bonjol Manuscript. This manuscript is an authentic historical record of important events in Minangkabau, particularly during the Padri War. The focus of this study is to identify toponyms in Pasaman and Tanah Datar Regencies based on their geographical location and their connection to archaeological remains. The method used in this study is a qualitative method with a descriptive-analytical approach, which includes data collection, data processing (analysis), interpretation, and drawing conclusions from the issues. The theory used refers to Agus Aris Munandar's theory, which is divided into three aspects: 1) The meaning of the place name, 2) The current existence of the location, 3) The role of contemporary culture. The results of the study indicate that there are 43 toponyms in Pasaman Regency and 11 toponyms in Tanah Datar Regency. Out of the 54 toponyms, only 9 were selected as the focus of the study. These toponyms are still in use today and are associated with the figure of Tuanku Imam Bonjol and the Padri War. This is also supported by contemporary archaeological remains in the areas mentioned in the manuscripts.

KETURUNAN ARAB DI BUNGIN AYEB (TINAJAUN SOSIO-HISTORIS)

2025-12-13T11:20:03+07:00

This study aims to examine the history of the formation of ethnicity in a remote area of South Sumatra, specifically in Tanjung Pasir Village, Pemulutan District, Ogan Ilir Regency. The background of this research is the limited number of academic studies addressing ethnic dynamics and the role of migrant communities in rural areas. The main issues discussed include the background of the emergence of the Arab ethnic group, patterns of social interaction with the local community, and the contributions of the Arab community to social, cultural, and religious life in Tanjung Pasir Village. This research employs a qualitative method with historical and sociological approaches. Data were collected through interviews, observation, and the study of relevant historical sources, and were analyzed using a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings indicate that the presence of the Arab ethnic group in Tanjung Pasir Village was closely linked to the role of religious figures who contributed to the spread of Islam. The process of assimilation, which occurred through social interaction and intermarriage with the local population, has resulted in the formation of a unique and harmonious community. The Arab-descendant community has made significant contributions to strengthening Islamic values, religious education, and the transmission of traditions and cultural practices that enrich local identity. These findings highlight the importance of interethnic interaction in rural areas in shaping cultural diversity and strengthening social cohesion within the community.

TRANSFORMATION OF FIQH KNOWLEDGE IN THE NASKAH TRADITION IN LUHAK AGAM MINANGKABAU (HISTORICAL STUDY APPROACH)

2025-10-06T15:30:05+07:00

The presence of Islam in Minangkabau had a significant impact on the formation of the intellectual tradition of the community, especially in the writing and transmission of religious knowledge. Islamic scholars, tarekat groups, and their students produced various religious manuscripts that played an important role in the education and social life of the Minangkabau people. This research aims to examine the process of fiqh knowledge transformation through local manuscripts in Agam Regency, West Sumatra. Using a qualitative approach and historical research method, data were collected through field observations, in-depth interviews, and literature studies. The analysis was conducted interactively since the beginning of data collection by emphasising the historical, social and cultural context of the manuscripts studied. The results show that the existence and distribution of fiqh manuscripts in the Luhak Agam region is a reflection of the distinctive Islamic intellectual dynamics in Minangkabau. The fiqh manuscripts from Agam contain various important themes, ranging from the fiqh of worship to socio-cultural issues, such as the pros and cons of Minangkabau customs, women's issues and other unique issues. These manuscripts were not only used in teaching in surau, but also became instruments in fighting for social transformation in society. Thus, fiqh manuscripts in Minangkabau reflect the dynamics of interaction between texts, education and the evolving social reality.